1. Manufacture of dihydroxy aromatic compounds by alcoholysis of polycarbonate-containing compositions

2. Key words: lipase, interesterification, acylation, alcoholysis, resolution, b-amino esters.

3. This proportionality was not found after the alcoholysis of the PCE.

4. The alcoholysis of triethylaluminium can be investigated by DTA in the liquid phase.

5. Processes for the alcoholysis, inclusive of transesterification and/or disproportionation, of reactants are disclosed.

6. Method to produce a carboxylic acid ester from a carboxylic acid ammonium salt by alcoholysis

7. Details of the esterification, alcoholysis, reduction reactions, and the isolation of 1-ethyl 4-nitrophthalate are described.

8. Surely, one contribution is the further development of the energy-saving enzymtic alcoholysis for ester production.

9. Method for the reesterification of fat and/or oil of biological origin by means of alcoholysis

10. Method for the production of fatty acid esters of monovalent alcohols by alcoholysis using special basic catalysts

11. Various catalysts with different contents, including LiOH, butyl tin oxide and dibutyl tin chloride, were used for alcoholysis and/or esterification reactions.

12. Modified alkyd resins were produced by alcoholysis of soya bean oil with pentaerythritol followed by esterification with pentaerythritol and phthalic anhydride.

13. The reaction enthalpy of the alcoholysis with primary alcohols is from −150 to −170 kJ mole−1 in tetrahydrofuran/toluene as solvent.

14. Compared with the pure alcoholysis a huge acceleration of the ester formation, proportional to the cencentration of the nucleophilic amine2, is observed.

15. Methoxy methyl disilanes where prepared by means of alcoholysis of chloromethyl disilanes, or by reaction of methoxy chlorosilanes with trimethyl silyl lithium.

16. The alcoholysis of these intermediates yields O-alkyliminium ethers which can then be easily hydrolyzed under mild acidic conditions to the corresponding esters.

17. An organic base or a mixture of organic bases is used for the creation of alkali conditions and as catalysts for alcoholysis.

18. The invention relates to a method for producing alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid esters by the alcoholysis of the corresponding alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid amides using heterogeneous catalysis.

19. The dimeric complex Ru2(μ-Cl)2Cl2(CO)4(PMe3)2 (1) forms an active silane alcoholysis complex in the polar solvent N,N-dimethylamino-acetamide (DMA).

20. By selectively controlling the alcoholysis conditions (e.g., alcohol and copolymer concentrations, catalysts, temperature, etc.), a modified aliphatic-aromatic copolyester may be achieved that has a molecular weight lower than the starting aliphatic-aromatic polymer.

21. By selectively controlling the alcoholysis conditions (e.g., alcohol and polymer concentrations, catalysts, temperature, etc.), a modified polylactic acid may be achieved that has a molecular weight lower than the starting polylactic acid.

22. Alcoholysis of poly(ethylene naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate) in the presence of a transesterification catalyst on cooling yields solid dialkyl naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate which may be collected by filtration and further purified by recrystallization from xylenes.

23. By selectively controlling the conditions of the alcoholysis reaction (e.g., alcohol and copolymer concentrations, temperature, etc.), the resulting modified aliphatic-aromatic copolyester may have a molecular weight that is relatively low.

24. In one embodiment, for example, a polylactic acid is melt blended with an alcohol to initiate an alcoholysis reaction that results in a polylactic acid having one or more hydroxyalkyl or alkyl terminal groups.

25. This invention relates to processes for conducting equilibrium-limited reactions such as esterification and alcoholysis reactions, using a single reaction zone and an acid separation column containing a rectification zone and a stripping zone.

26. In one embodiment, for example, an aliphatic-aromatic copolyester is melt blended with an alcohol to initiate an alcoholysis reaction that results in a copolyester having one or more hydroxyalkyl or alkyl terminal groups.

27. The kinetics of the reactions of cyanide ion and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene in ethanol and n-propanol are complicated by alcoholysis of cyanide ion which yields the corresponding alkoxide ion and the 1:1 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene–alkoxide ion σ-complex.

28. Disclosed is a process for transesterifying a polymer having a polyethylenic backbone and pendant ester moieties comprising contacting a melt of the polymer in a reactive extruder with a transesterifying compound so that the polymer undergoes transesterification but not alcoholysis.

29. Disclosed is a process for esterifying and/or transesterifying a polymer having a polyethylenic backbone and pendant acid and/or ester moieties comprising contacting a melt of the polymer with a transesterifying compound so that the polymer undergoes esterification and/or transesterification but not alcoholysis.

30. A partially alcoholyzed galactolipid (PAGL) product comprises (a) digalactosyldiglyceride (DGDG) and digalactosylmonoglyceride (DGMG) in a weight ratio of from 1:50 to 10:1, (b) from 0 % to 85 % by weight of triglyceride, (c) mono ester of fatty acid with C? 1#191 - c? 4#191 aliphatic alcohol, C? 2#191 to C? 4#191 aliphatic glycol, and/or glycerol, with the proviso that the productdoes not comprise more than 2 parts by weight of the combination of phospholipid and alcoholysis product of phospholipid in respect of the combination of galalctolipid and alcoholysis product of galactolipid.

31. Using ethylene glycol - triethylsilane as a model system, the catalytic activity of 1 in DMA is compared to that of a series of known silane alcoholysis catalysts, including RhCl(PPh3)3, PdX2 (X = Cl-, OAc-), and cis,cis,trans-[IrH2S2L2]SbF6 (L = PPh3, S = THF).

32. The invention also relates to a method for producing a biofuel from a tunicate wherein the biofuel is selected from an alcohol and biodiesel and wherein said method comprises the steps of: (a)(i) subjecting said tunicate or one or more polysaccharides extracted from said tunicate to enzymatic or acid hydrolysis to form a hydrolysate containing one or more monosaccharides and (ii) fermenting said one or more monosaccharides to form an alcohol; or (b)(i) extracting lipids/fatty acids from said tunicate and (ii) converting said lipids/ fatty acids into biodiesel by transesterification or alcoholysis or (iii) subjecting said tunicate to transesterification or alcoholysis thereby converting lipids/ fatty acids present in said tunicate into biodiesel.

33. The starting materials used for the polycondensation reactions were obtained by alcoholysis in 2-methoxyethanol in the presence of p-methylbenzene sulfonic acid; from 2.3.6-tricarbanilylcellulose, 2.2′.3.3′.6.6′-hexacarbanilylcellobiose (C2) and from 2.3.6-tricarbanilylamylose, 2.2′.3.3′6.6′-hexacarbanilylmaltose (A2) and a 2.3.6-trisubstituted mixture of maltooligomers with degree of polymerization of 3–7 (A5).

34. The invention relates to the chemical extraction of lactic acid from polymer blends comprising polylactic acid and one or more further polyesters, and from mixtures comprising polylactic acid and one or more further polymers, by an alcoholysis of the polymer blends in the presence of alcohol for 6 to 30 h, at 80 to 160°C and a pressure of 0.05 to 10 bar.

35. The present invention relates to cosmetic compositions containing polyglycerol partial esters of linear, unsubstituted carboxylic acids and bifunctional carboxylic acids with the provisos that the polyglycerol partial ester comprises an HLB-value from 2 to 10 and that the polyglycerol obtained by hydrolysis or alcoholysis of the polyglycerol partial ester comprises an average degree of polymerization of from 2 to 8 and at least 1 % of the polyglycerol comprises cyclic structures.

36. The present invention relates to a method for producing fatty acid alkyl esters as well as cellulosic simplified sugars, shortened protein polymers, amino acids, or combination thereof resulting from the simultaneous esterifϊcation and hydrolysis, alcoholysis, or both of algae and other oil containing materials containing phospholipids, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerides, or combination thereof as well as polysaccharides, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignocellulose, protein polymers, or combination thereof in the presence of an alcohol and an optional acid catalyst.

37. A process for producing triglycerides which comprises: (a) subjecting a first triglyceride comprising at least 40 % by moles of oleic acid residues, based on total acyl groups in the triglyceride, to an alcoholysis reaction with an alcohol having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms to obtain a composition comprising 2- oleoyl monoglyceride and at least one acyl ester of said alcohol; (b) reacting the 2-oleoyl monoglyceride with an acylating agent comprising at least one C12 to C24 saturated fatty acid, at least one ester of said fatty acid or a mixture thereof, to obtain a 1,3- saturated fatty acid acyl 2-oleoyl glyceride; and (c) separating at least a part of the at least one acyl ester after or during step (a) or step (b); (d) reacting the acyl ester with a second glyceride to form 1,3- dioleoyl 2-palmitoyl glyceride.